Consonant gradation for words of wordtype B
1. What is it?
Words which belong to verb type B have a stem that ends in e or in a consonant. The most common endings for this wordtype are -as, -ton, -in and -e When adding a certain ending to this, you have to use consonant gradation. If you are just a beginner, I suggest you read the page about consonant gradation for wordtype A first.
2. When do you use it?
Consonant gradation takes place in every case for the wordtype B words, except for the partitive. This means that every form of these words will be strong, while the partitive remains weak like the basic form of the word. Consonant gradation only happens when the consonants are in at the border between the last and the previous syllable!
Unfortunately, there are other changes taking place as well:
- Words that end in an -e will get a second -e- added before adding any of the endings
- Words that end in -as will have the -as- replaced by -aa- before adding any of the endings
- Words that end in in will have the -in- replaced by -ime- before adding any of the endings
3. Which consonants change?
| Weak | Strong | Example 1 | Example 2 |
| k | kk | liike -> liikkeet | rakas -> rakkaassa |
| p | pp | opas -> oppaasta | saapas -> saappaat |
| t | tt | osoite -> osoitteet | soitin -> soittimella |
| nn | nt | ranne -> ranteella | asenne -> asenteet |
| ng | nk | kangas -> kankaalta | rengas -> renkaassa |
| d | t | hidas -> hitaat | tehdas -> tehtaan |
| Ø | k | koe -> kokeessa | varas -> varkaat |
| v | p | varvas -> varpaat | taive -> taipeessa |
| ll | lt | allas -> altaassa | helle -> helteestä |
| rr | rt | murre -> murteen | porras -> portaan |
| mm | mp | hammas -> hampaat | lammas -> lampaat |
| lje | lke | lahje -> lahkeet | pohje -> pohkeessa |
| lje | lke | hylje -> hylkeet | palje -> palkeet |
4. Wordtype B words in all the cases
| Cases | Wordtype B word | Wordtype B word | |
| Nominative | hammas | puhallin | |
| Partitive | hammasta | puhallinta | |
| Genitive | hampaan | puhaltimen | |
| T-plural | hampaat | puhaltimet | |
| Inessive | hampaassa | puhaltimessa | |
| Elative | hampaasta | puhaltimesta | |
| Illative | hampaaseen | puhaltimeen | |
| Adessive | hampaalla | puhaltimella | |
| Ablative | hampaalta | puhaltimelta | |
| Allative | hampaalle | puhaltimelle | |
| Nominative | vaate | onneton | |
| Partitive | vaatetta | onnetonta | |
| Genitive | vaatteen | onnettoman | |
| Inessive | vaatteessa | onnettomassa | |
| Elative | vaatteesta | onnettomasta | |
| Illative | vaatteeseen | onnettomaan | |
| Adessive | vaatteella | onnettomalla | |
| Ablative | vaatteelta | onnettomalla | |
| Allative | vaatteelle | onnettomalle |
| Related grammar |
| Basic consonant gradation : The adessive : The partitive |